Miller S. A. / Миллер С. А. - Linux Administration Best Practices: Practical solutions to approaching the design and management of Linux systems / Лучшие практики администрирования Linux [2022, PDF, EPUB, ENG]

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Preface
Section 1: Understanding the Role of Linux
System Administrator
1
What Is the Role of a System Administrator?
Where are system
administrators in the real world? 4
Wearing the administrator and
engineering hats 6
The difference between the role of
an administrator and the role of
an engineer 7
Hats 7
The wonderous variety of the role 12
Understanding systems in the
business ecosystem 14
Learning system administration 16
Build a home lab 16
Getting family and friends involved 17
Start as a generalist and progress
onto a specialist in the System
Administrator field 18
Volunteer for non-profits or nonbusiness
organizations 18
Self-study 19
Age does not matter 20
Internships 21
Introducing the IT Professional 22
The fallacy of success at any cost 25
Summary 25
2
Choosing Your Distribution and Release Model
Understanding Linux in
production 28
Is Linux UNIX? 29
Linux licensing 30
Key vendors and products 33
What about BSD? 33
Debian 35
Ubuntu 35
IBM Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 36
RHEL alternatives 37
Fedora 38
OpenSUSE and SLES 38
Digging into distribution history 39
Other Linux distributions 40
The myth of popularity 41
Using multiple distributions 42
Making the choice 43
Releases and support: LTS,
current, and rolling 45
What does support mean? 47
Release model: rapid release 49
Release model: LTS 50
Release and support schedule
interplay: The overlap 52
Release model: Rolling 53
Why not just update the packages
manually 54
Choosing the release model for our
workloads 56
Choosing your distribution 58
Do not fear risk 59
Summary 60
Section 2: Best Practices for Linux
Technologies
3
System Storage Best Practices
Exploring key factors in storage 64
Cost 64
Durability 65
Availability 65
Performance 66
Scalability 67
Capacity 68
Understanding block storage:
Local and SAN 68
Locally attached block storage 69
Storage Area Networks (SAN) 69
The terrible terminology of SAN 69
Surveying filesystems and
network filesystems 74
EXT4 77
XFS 77
ZFS 78
BtrFS 79
Clustered file systems 80
Network filesystems 81
Getting to know logical volume
management (LVM) 84
Whatever happen to partitions 85
Utilizing RAID and RAIN 87
RAID 87
RAIN 88
Table of Contents ix
Learning about replicated local
storage 90
DRBD 91
Gluster and CEPH 92
Proprietary and third-party opensource
solutions 93
Virtualization abstraction of storage 93
Analyzing storage architectures
and risk 95
General storage architectures 96
Simple local storage: The brick 96
RLS: The ultra-high reliability solution 99
The lab environment: Remote shared
standard storage 100
The giant scale: Remote replicated
storage 101
Storage best practices 103
Storage example 104
Summary 109
4
Designing System Deployment Architectures
Virtualization 112
Type 1 hypervisor 113
Type 2 hypervisor 113
Hypervisor types are confusing 115
VMware ESXi 116
Microsoft Hyper-V 116
Xen 116
KVM 117
Is virtualization only for consolidation? 117
Containerization 119
Cloud and VPS 122
Virtual Private Servers (VPS) 130
On premises, hosted, and
hybrid hosting 133
Colocation 134
System Design Architecture 136
Standalone server, aka the snowflake 136
Simple does not necessarily
mean simple 138
Many to many servers and storage 139
Viewing the world as a workload 140
Layered high availability 143
Reliability is relative 144
Hyperconvergence 145
Best practices in System Design
Architecture 146
Risk assessment and availability needs 147
Workload interplay 149
Defining high availability 151
Summary 154
5
Patch Management Strategies
Binary, source, and script
software deployments 158
Compiled and interpreted software 158
Misleading use of source installation 160
Patching theory and strategies 165
The risk of delayed patching 166
Avoiding patches because of Windows 167
Testing patches is rarely feasible 169
Timeliness of patching 170
Compilations for the
administrator 173
The compilation era 175
Compilation by engineering
department 176
Linux deployment and
redeployment 177
Rebooting servers 180
Finding your green zone 181
Avoiding planned downtime is
planning for unplanned downtime 182
Summary 184
6
Databases
Separating a Database from a
DBMS 189
The Database 189
The Database engine 190
The Database management system 193
Comparing relational and
NoSQL databases 196
Discovering common databases
on Linux 199
Common relational databases
on Linux 200
Drop In replacements 201
Common NoSQL Database Products on
Linux 204
Document databases 204
Understanding database
replication and data protection
concepts 207
Summary 212
Section 3: Approaches to Effective System
Administration
7
Documentation, Monitoring, and Logging Techniques
Modern documentation: Wiki,
live docs, repos 216
Repos 220
Ticketing systems 220
Approaching documentation 221
Tooling and impact 223
Netdata 224
Capacity planning 226
It Is already designed when purchased 226
Log management and security 233
Why central logging? 237
Alerts and troubleshooting 242
On-device and centralized alerting
systems 243
Pushed and pulled alerts 245
In house and hosted monitoring 247
RMMs and monitoring 248
Summary 249
8
Improving Administration Maturation with Automation
through Scripting and DevOps
The GUI and the CLI: Administration
best practices 253
Consolidation and the age of
squeezing systems 253
Automation maturity 257
Local and remote automation 258
Command line 259
Scheduled tasks 259
Scripting 260
PowerShell on Linux 260
Scripting combined with task
scheduling 265
State management 265
Infrastructure as code 268
Platforms and systems 268
Modern tools of automation 272
Configuration management systems 273
Version control systems 275
Summary 278
9
Backup and Disaster Recovery Approaches
Agents and crash consistency 280
Locking mechanisms in Linux 282
MySQL example with mysqldump
utility 287
Backup strategies &
mechanisms 288
Types of backups 289
Snapshots, archives, backups,
and disaster recovery 296
Snapshots 296
Archives 299
Backups 302
Disaster recovery 307
Backups in a DevOps world 309
Version control systems 309
IT provides solutions, vendors
sell components 312
Triage concepts 313
Summary 315
10
User and Access Management Strategies
Local and remote users 318
User management
mechanisms 320
Using automation to turn local uses
into remote users 320
The famous RDP exposure risk 324
Are operating system logins relevant
in the modern world? 326
Remote access approaches 329
How do I approach remote access 331
SSH, key management, and
jump boxes 332
Do you still need both a network
edge firewall and an operating
system firewall? 333
Does changing the default port of
SSH work? 335
SSH key management 336
Jump boxes 337
Alternative remote access
approaches 338
Terminal servers and virtual
desktop infrastructure (VDI) 341
Understanding terminal services and
VDI conceptually 341
Summary 344
11
Troubleshooting
The high cost of disaster
avoidance 348
Sources of solutions 348
There is no magic support 350
Visualizing what IT handles and what
engineering handles 353
IT vendor managements 354
Triage skills and staff 355
I can give status, or I can fix things 356
Staffing for triage: The perceiver 360
Logical approaches to
troubleshooting 362
Stories of troubleshooting 363
Technical social media in problem
solving 365
Investigating versus fixing 366
Summary 369
The postmortem 370
Index
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