Wilke C.O. / Вильке К.О. - Fundamentals of Data Visualization: A Primer on Making Informative and Compelling Figures / Основы Визуализации данных: Учебник по созданию информативных и убедительных диаграмм [2019, PDF, ENG]

Примеры страниц

Оглавление

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ugly, Bad, and Wrong Figures 2
Part I. From Data to Visualization
2. Visualizing Data: Mapping Data onto Aesthetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Aesthetics and Types of Data 7
Scales Map Data Values onto Aesthetics 10
3. Coordinate Systems and Axes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cartesian Coordinates 13
Nonlinear Axes 16
Coordinate Systems with Curved Axes 22
4. Color Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Color as a Tool to Distinguish 27
Color to Represent Data Values 29
Color as a Tool to Highlight 33
5. Directory of Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Amounts 37
Distributions 38
Proportions 39
x–y relationships 41
Geospatial Data 42
vUncertainty 43
6. Visualizing Amounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Bar Plots 45
Grouped and Stacked Bars 50
Dot Plots and Heatmaps 53
7. Visualizing Distributions: Histograms and Density Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Visualizing a Single Distribution 59
Visualizing Multiple Distributions at the Same Time 64
8. Visualizing Distributions:
Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions and Q-Q Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions 71
Highly Skewed Distributions 74
Quantile-Quantile Plots 78
9. Visualizing Many Distributions at Once. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Visualizing Distributions Along the Vertical Axis 81
Visualizing Distributions Along the Horizontal Axis 88
10. Visualizing Proportions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A Case for Pie Charts 93
A Case for Side-by-Side Bars 97
A Case for Stacked Bars and Stacked Densities 99
Visualizing Proportions Separately as Parts of the Total 101
11. Visualizing Nested Proportions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Nested Proportions Gone Wrong 105
Mosaic Plots and Treemaps 107
Nested Pies 111
Parallel Sets 113
12. Visualizing Associations Among Two or More Quantitative Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Scatterplots 117
Correlograms 121
Dimension Reduction 124
Paired Data 127
13. Visualizing Time Series and Other Functions of an Independent Variable. . . . . . . . . 131
Individual Time Series 131
Multiple Time Series and Dose–Response Curves 135
vi | Table of ContentsTime Series of Two or More Response Variables 138
14. Visualizing Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Smoothing 145
Showing Trends with a Defined Functional Form 151
Detrending and Time-Series Decomposition 155
15. Visualizing Geospatial Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Projections 161
Layers 169
Choropleth Mapping 172
Cartograms 176
16. Visualizing Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Framing Probabilities as Frequencies 181
Visualizing the Uncertainty of Point Estimates 186
Visualizing the Uncertainty of Curve Fits 197
Hypothetical Outcome Plots 201
Part II. Principles of Figure Design
17. The Principle of Proportional Ink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Visualizations Along Linear Axes 208
Visualizations Along Logarithmic Axes 212
Direct Area Visualizations 215
18. Handling Overlapping Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Partial Transparency and Jittering 219
2D Histograms 222
Contour Lines 225
19. Common Pitfalls of Color Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Encoding Too Much or Irrelevant Information 233
Using Nonmonotonic Color Scales to Encode Data Values 237
Not Designing for Color-Vision Deficiency 238
20. Redundant Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Designing Legends with Redundant Coding 243
Designing Figures Without Legends 250
Table of Contents | vii21. Multipanel Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Small Multiples 255
Compound Figures 260
22. Titles, Captions, and Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Figure Titles and Captions 267
Axis and Legend Titles 270
Tables 273
23. Balance the Data and the Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Providing the Appropriate Amount of Context 277
Background Grids 282
Paired Data 287
Summary 290
24. Use Larger Axis Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
25. Avoid Line Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
26. Don’t Go 3D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Avoid Gratuitous 3D 305
Avoid 3D Position Scales 307
Appropriate Use of 3D Visualizations 313
Part III. Miscellaneous Topics
27. Understanding the Most Commonly Used Image File Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Bitmap and Vector Graphics 319
Lossless and Lossy Compression of Bitmap Graphics 321
Converting Between Image Formats 324
28. Choosing the Right Visualization Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Reproducibility and Repeatability 326
Data Exploration Versus Data Presentation 327
Separation of Content and Design 330
29. Telling a Story and Making a Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
What Is a Story? 334
Make a Figure for the Generals 337
Build Up Toward Complex Figures 341
viii | Table of ContentsMake Your Figures Memorable 343
Be Consistent but Don’t Be Repetitive 345
Annotated Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Technical Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361