The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture (6th Edition) Год издания: 2023 Автор: Linda Null Жанр или тематика: Computer Architecture, Computer Science Издательство: Jones & Bartlett ISBN: 978-1-284-25944-5 Язык: Английский Формат: EPUB Качество: Издательский макет или текст (eBook) Интерактивное оглавление: Да Количество страниц: 750 Описание: Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture focuses on the function and design of the various components necessary to process information digitally. This title presents computing systems as a series of layers, taking a bottom–up approach by starting with low-level hardware and progressing to higher-level software. Its focus on real-world examples and practical applications encourages students to develop a “big-picture” understanding of how essential organization and architecture concepts are applied in the computing world. In addition to direct correlation with the ACM/IEEE guidelines for computer organization and architecture, the text exposes readers to the inner workings of a modern digital computer through an integrated presentation of fundamental concepts and principles. The Fifth Edition of Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture was awarded the William Holmes McGuffey Longevity Award ("McGuffey") from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA). The McGuffy award recognizes textbooks and learning materials whose excellence has been demonstrated over time. Оглавление CoverTitle PageCopyright PageDedication PageContentsPrefaceCHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Computer Systems 1.2.1 The Main Components of a Computer 1.2.2 System Components 1.2.3 Classification of Computing Devices 1.3 An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon 1.4 Standards Organizations 1.5 Historical Development 1.5.1 Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642–1945) 1.5.2 The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953) 1.5.3 The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965) 1.5.4 The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965–1980) 1.5.5 The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980–????) 1.5.6 Moore’s Law 1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 1.7 Cloud Computing: Computing as a Service 1.8 The Fragility of the Internet 1.9 The von Neumann Model 1.10 Non–von Neumann Models 1.11 Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Positional Numbering Systems 2.3 Converting Between Bases 2.3.1 Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers 2.3.2 Converting Fractions 2.3.3 Converting Between Power-of-2 Radices 2.4 Signed Integer Representation 2.4.1 Signed Magnitude 2.4.2 Complement Systems 2.4.3 Excess-M Representation for Signed Numbers 2.4.4 Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers 2.4.5 Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth’s Algorithm 2.4.6 Carry Versus Overflow 2.4.7 Binary Multiplication and Division Using Shifting 2.5 Floating-Point Representation 2.5.1 A Simple Model 2.5.2 Floating-Point Arithmetic 2.5.3 Floating-Point Errors 2.5.4 The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard 2.5.5 Range, Precision, and Accuracy 2.5.6 Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers 2.6 Character Codes 2.6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal 2.6.2 EBCDIC 2.6.3 ASCII 2.6.4 Unicode 2.7 Error Detection and Correction 2.7.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check 2.7.2 Hamming Codes Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 3 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Boolean Algebra 3.2.1 Boolean Expressions 3.2.2 Boolean Identities 3.2.3 Simplification of Boolean Expressions 3.2.4 Complements 3.2.5 Representing Boolean Functions 3.3 Logic Gates 3.3.1 Symbols for Logic Gates 3.3.2 Universal Gates 3.3.3 Multiple Input Gates 3.4 Karnaugh Maps 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Description of Kmaps and Terminology 3.4.3 Kmap Simplification for Two Variables 3.4.4 Kmap Simplification for Three Variables 3.4.5 Kmap Simplification for Four Variables 3.4.6 Don’t Care Conditions 3.4.7 Summary 3.5 Digital Components 3.5.1 Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra 3.5.2 Integrated Circuits 3.5.3 Putting It All Together: From Problem Description to Circuit 3.6 Combinational Circuits 3.6.1 Basic Concepts 3.6.2 Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits 3.7 Sequential Circuits 3.7.1 Basic Concepts 3.7.2 Clocks 3.7.3 Flip-Flops 3.7.4 Finite-State Machines 3.7.5 Examples of Sequential Circuits 3.7.6 An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection 3.8 Designing Circuits Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer 4.1 Introduction 4.2 CPU Basics and Organization 4.2.1 The Registers 4.2.2 The ALU 4.2.3 The Control Unit 4.3 The Bus 4.4 Clocks 4.5 The Input/Output Subsystem 4.6 Memory Organization and Addressing 4.7 MARIE 4.7.1 The Architecture 4.7.2 Registers and Buses 4.7.3 Instruction Set Architecture 4.7.4 Register Transfer Notation 4.8 Instruction Processing 4.8.1 The Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle 4.8.2 Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle 4.8.3 MARIE’s I/O 4.9 A Simple Program 4.10 A Discussion on Assemblers 4.10.1 What Do Assemblers Do? 4.10.2 Why Use Assembly Language? 4.11 Extending Our Instruction Set 4.12 A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control 4.12.1 Machine Control 4.12.2 Hardwired Control 4.12.3 Microprogrammed Control 4.13 Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures 4.13.1 Intel Architectures 4.13.2 MIPS Architectures Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts Exercises True or FalseCHAPTER 5 A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Instruction Formats 5.2.1 Design Decisions for Instruction Sets 5.2.2 Little Versus Big Endian 5.2.3 Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers 5.2.4 Number of Operands and Instruction Length 5.2.5 Expanding Opcodes 5.3 Instruction Types 5.3.1 Data Movement 5.3.2 Arithmetic Operations 5.3.3 Boolean Logic Instructions 5.3.4 Bit Manipulation Instructions 5.3.5 Input/Output Instructions 5.3.6 Instructions for Transfer of Control 5.3.7 Special-Purpose Instructions 5.3.8 Instruction Set Orthogonality 5.4 Addressing 5.4.1 Data Types 5.4.2 Address Modes 5.5 Instruction Pipelining 5.6 Real-World Examples of ISAs 5.6.1 Intel 5.6.2 MIPS 5.6.3 Java Virtual Machine 5.6.4 ARM Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts Exercises True or FalseCHAPTER 6 Memory 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Types of Memory 6.3 The Memory Hierarchy 6.3.1 Locality of Reference 6.4 Cache Memory 6.4.1 Cache Mapping Schemes 6.4.2 Replacement Policies 6.4.3 Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio 6.4.4 When Does Caching Break Down? 6.4.5 Cache Write Policies 6.4.6 Instruction and Data Caches 6.4.7 Levels of Cache 6.5 Virtual Memory 6.5.1 Paging 6.5.2 Effective Access Time Using Paging 6.5.3 Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging 6.5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory 6.5.5 Segmentation 6.5.6 Paging Combined with Segmentation 6.6 Real-World Examples of Memory Management Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 7 Input/Output Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 I/O and Performance 7.3 Amdahl’s Law 7.4 I/O Architectures 7.4.1 I/O Control Methods 7.4.2 Character I/O Versus Block I/O 7.4.3 I/O Bus Operation 7.4.4 I/O Buses and Interfaces 7.5 Data Transmission Modes 7.5.1 Parallel Data Transmission 7.5.2 Serial Data Transmission 7.6 Disk Technology 7.6.1 Hard Disk Drives 7.6.2 Solid-State Drives 7.7 Optical Disks 7.7.1 CD-ROM 7.7.2 DVD 7.7.3 Blue-Violet Laser Discs 7.8 RAID 7.8.1 RAID Level 0 7.8.2 RAID Level 1 7.8.3 RAID Level 2 7.8.4 RAID Level 3 7.8.5 RAID Level 4 7.8.6 RAID Level 5 7.8.7 RAID Level 6 7.8.8 RAID DP 7.8.9 Hybrid RAID Systems 7.9 The Future of Data Storage Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 8 Alternative Architectures 8.1 Introduction 8.2 RISC Machines 8.3 Flynn’s Taxonomy 8.4 Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures 8.4.1 Superscalar and VLIW 8.4.2 Vector Processors 8.4.3 Interconnection Networks 8.4.4 Shared Memory Multiprocessors 8.4.5 Distributed Computing 8.5 Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches 8.5.1 Dataflow Computing 8.5.2 Neural Networks 8.5.3 Systolic Arrays 8.6 Quantum Computing Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 9 Topics in Embedded Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 An Overview of Embedded Hardware 9.2.1 Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware 9.2.2 Configurable Hardware 9.2.3 Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware 9.3 An Overview of Embedded Software 9.3.1 Embedded Systems Memory Organization 9.3.2 Embedded Operating Systems 9.3.3 Embedded Systems Software Development Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 10 Performance Measurement and Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Computer Performance Equations 10.3 Mathematical Preliminaries 10.3.1 What the Means Mean 10.3.2 The Statistics and Semantics 10.4 Benchmarking 10.4.1 Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS 10.4.2 Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone 10.4.3 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks 10.4.4 Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks 10.4.5 System Simulation 10.5 CPU Performance Optimization 10.5.1 Branch Optimization 10.5.2 Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code 10.6 Disk Performance 10.6.1 Understanding the Problem 10.6.2 Physical Considerations 10.6.3 Logical Considerations Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 11 System Software (Available in the eBook) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Operating Systems 11.2.1 Operating Systems History 11.2.2 Operating System Design 11.2.3 Operating System Services 11.3 Protected Environments 11.3.1 Virtual Machines 11.3.2 Subsystems and Partitions 11.3.3 Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures 11.4 Programming Tools 11.4.1 Assemblers and Assembly 11.4.2 Link Editors 11.4.3 Dynamic Link Libraries 11.4.4 Compilers 11.4.5 Interpreters 11.5 Java: All of the Above Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 12 Network Organization and Architecture (Available in the eBook) 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Business Computer Networks 12.3 Early Academic and Scientific Networks: The Roots and Architecture of the Internet 12.4 Network Protocols I: ISO/OSI Protocol Unification 12.4.1 A Parable 12.4.2 The OSI Reference Model 12.5 Network Protocols II: TCP/IP Network Architecture 12.5.1 The IP Layer for Version 4 12.5.2 The Trouble with IP Version 4 12.5.3 Transmission Control Protocol 12.5.4 The TCP Protocol at Work 12.5.5 IP Version 6 12.6 Network Organization 12.6.1 Physical Transmission Media 12.6.2 Interface Cards 12.6.3 Repeaters 12.6.4 Hubs 12.6.5 Switches 12.6.6 Bridges and Gateways 12.6.7 Routers and Routing Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesCHAPTER 13 Selected Storage Systems and Interfaces (Available in the eBook) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 SCSI Architecture 13.2.1 “Classic” Parallel SCSI 13.2.2 The SCSI Architecture Model-3 13.3 Internet SCSI 13.4 Storage Area Networks 13.5 Other I/O Connections 13.5.1 Parallel Buses: XT to ATA 13.5.2 Serial ATA and Serial Attached SCSI 13.5.3 Peripheral Component Interconnect 13.5.4 A Serial Interface: USB 13.6 Cloud Storage Chapter Summary Further Reading References Review of Essential Terms and Concepts ExercisesAPPENDIX A Data Structures and the Computer (Available in the eBook) A.1 Introduction A.2 Fundamental Structures A.2.1 Arrays A.2.2 Queues and Linked Lists A.2.3 Stacks A.3 Trees A.4 Network Graphs Summary Further Reading References ExercisesGlossaryAnswers and Hints for Selected ExercisesIndex[/pre]
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