iPhone ®
Пол:
Стаж: 8 лет 10 месяцев
Сообщений: 2151
Nagios: system and network monitoring
Год выпуска : 2005Автор : Wolfgang BarthИздательство : No Starch PressISBN : 1-59327-070-4Формат : PDFКачество : OCR без ошибокКоличество страниц : 462Описание : This book is directed at network administrators who want to find out about the condition of their systems and networks using an Open Source tool. It describes Nagios version 2.0.
Contents Contents Introduction 15 From Source Code to a Running Installation 23 1 Installation 25 1.1 Compiling the Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2 Installing and Testing Plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.2.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.2.2 Plugin test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.3 Configuration of the Web Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.3.1 Setting Up Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.3.2 User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2 Nagios Configuration 37 2.1 The Main Configuration File nagios.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2 Objects—an Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3 Defining the Machines to Be Monitored, with host . . . . . . . . . 44 2.4 Grouping Computers Together with hostgroup . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5 Defining Services to Be Monitored with service . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.6 Grouping Services Together with servicegroup . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.7 Defining Addressees for Error Messages: contact . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.8 The Message Recipient: contactgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.9 When Nagios Needs to Do Something: the command Object . . . 53 2.10 Defining a Time Period with timeperiod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.11 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.12 Configuration Aids for Those Too Lazy to Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.12.1 Defining services for several computers . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.12.2 One host group for all computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.12.3 Other configuration aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.13 CGI Configuration in cgi.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.14 The Resources File resource.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3 Startup 61 3.1 Checking the Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2 Getting Monitoring Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2.1 Manual start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2.2 Automatic start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2.3 Making configuration changes come into effect . . . . . . 64 3.3 Overview of the Web Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 In More Detail . . . 69 4 Nagios Basics 71 4.1 Taking into Account the Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.2 Forced Host Checks vs. Periodic Reachability Tests . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3 States of Hosts and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5 Service Checks and How They Are Performed 79 5.1 Testing Network Services Directly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2 Running Plugins via Secure Shell on the Remote Computer . . . . 82 5.3 The Nagios Remote Plugin Executor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.4 Monitoring via SNMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.5 The Nagios Service Check Acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6 Plugins for Network Services 85 6.1 Standard Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2 Reachability Test with Ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.2.1 check_icmp as a service check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.2.2 check_icmp as a host check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.3 Monitoring Mail Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.3.1 Monitoring SMTP with check_smtp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.3.2 POP and IMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.4 Monitoring FTP and Web Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.4.1 FTP services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.4.2 Web server control via HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.4.3 Monitoring Web proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.5 Domain Name Server under Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.5.1 DNS check with nslookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.5.2 Monitoring the name server with dig . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.6 Querying the Secure Shell Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.7 Generic Network Plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.7.1 Testing TCP ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.7.2 Monitoring UDP ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.8 Monitoring Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.8.1 PostgreSQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.8.2 MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.9 Monitoring LDAP Directory Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.10 Checking a DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 6.11 Monitoring UPS with the Network UPS Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7 Testing Local Resources 133 7.1 Free Hard Drive Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.2 Utilization of the Swap Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3 Testing the System Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.4 Monitoring Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.5 Checking Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.5.1 The standard plugin check_log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 7.5.2 The modern variation: check_logs.pl . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.6 Keeping Tabs on the Number of Logged-in Users . . . . . . . . . . 144 7.7 Checking the System Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 7.7.1 Checking the system time via NTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 7.7.2 Checking system time with the time protocol . . . . . . . 146 7.8 Regularly Checking the Status of the Mail Queue . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.9 Keeping an Eye on the Modification Date of a File . . . . . . . . . 148 7.10 Monitoring UPSs with apcupsd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 7.11 Nagios Monitors Itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 7.11.1 Running the plugin manually with a script . . . . . . . . . 151 7.11.2 check_nagios as a tool for CGI programs . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.12 Hardware Checks with LM Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.13 The Dummy Plugin for Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 8 Manipulating Plugin Output 155 8.1 Negating Plugin Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.2 Inserting Hyperlinks with urlize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9 Executing Plugins via SSH 157 9.1 The check_by_ssh Plugin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 9.2 Configuring SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.2.1 Generating SSH key pairs on the Nagios server . . . . . . . 160 9.2.2 Setting up the user nagios on the target host . . . . . . . 161 9.2.3 Checking the SSH connection and check_by_ssh . . . . . 161 9.3 Nagios Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 10 The Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) 165 10.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10.1.1 Distribution-specific packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10.1.2 Installation from the source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.2 Starting via the inet Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.2.1 xinetd configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.2.2 inetd configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 10.3 NRPE Configuration on the Computer to Be Monitored . . . . . . . 170 10.3.1 Passing parameters on to local plugins . . . . . . . . . . . 171 10.4 Nagios Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10.4.1 NRPE without passing parameters on . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10.4.2 Passing parameters on in NRPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 10.4.3 Optimizing the configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 10.5 Indirect Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 11 Collecting Information Relevant for Monitoring with SNMP 177 11.1 Introduction to SNMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 11.1.1 The Management Information Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 11.1.2 SNMP protocol versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 11.2 NET-SNMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 11.2.1 Tools for SNMP requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 11.2.2 The NET-SNMP daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 11.3 Nagios’s Own SNMP Plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 11.3.1 The generic SNMP plugin check_snmp . . . . . . . . . . . 196 11.3.2 Checking several interfaces simultaneously . . . . . . . . . 201 11.3.3 Testing the operating status of individual interfaces . . . . 203 11.4 Other SNMP-based Plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 11.4.1 Monitoring hard drive space and processes with nagiossnmp- plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 11.4.2 Observing the load on network interfaces with checkiftraffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 11.4.3 The manubulon.com plugins for special application purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 12 The Nagios Notification System 215 12.1 Who Should be Informed of What, When? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 12.2 When Does a Message Occur? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12.3 The Message Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12.3.1 Switching messages on and off systemwide . . . . . . . . 218 12.3.2 Enabling and suppressing computer and service-related messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 12.3.3 Person-related filter options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 12.3.4 Case examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 12.4 External Notification Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 12.4.1 Notification via e-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 12.4.2 Notification via SMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 12.5 Escalation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 12.6 Dependences between Hosts and Services as a Filter Criterion . . . 234 12.6.1 The standard case: service dependencies . . . . . . . . . . 234 12.6.2 Only in exceptional cases: host dependencies . . . . . . . 238 13 Passive Tests with the External Command File 239 13.1 The Interface for External Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 13.2 Passive Service Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13.3 Passive Host Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 13.4 Reacting to Out-of-Date Information of Passive Checks . . . . . . 243 14 The Nagios Service Check Acceptor (NSCA) 247 14.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 14.2 Configuring the Nagios Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 14.2.1 The configuration file nsca.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 14.2.2 Configurung the inet daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 14.3 Client-side Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 14.4 Sending Test Results to the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 14.5 Application Example I: Integrating syslog and Nagios . . . . . . . . 254 14.5.1 Preparing syslog-ng for use with Nagios . . . . . . . . . . 255 14.5.2 Nagios configuration: volatile services . . . . . . . . . . . 257 14.5.3 Resetting error states manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 14.6 Application Example II: Processing SNMP Traps . . . . . . . . . . . 260 14.6.1 Receiving traps with snmptrapd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 14.6.2 Passing on traps to NSCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 14.6.3 The matching service definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 15 Distributed Monitoring 265 15.1 Switching On the OCSP/OCHP Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 15.2 Defining OCSP/OCHP Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 15.3 Practical Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 15.3.1 Avoiding redundancy in configuration files . . . . . . . . . 269 15.3.2 Defining templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 16 The Web Interface 273 16.1 Recognizing and Acting On Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 16.1.1 Comments on problematic hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 16.1.2 Taking responsibility for problems: acknowledgements . . 278 16.2 An Overview of the Individual CGI Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 16.2.1 Variations in status display: status.cgi . . . . . . . . . . . 279 16.2.2 Additional information and control center: extinfo.cgi . . 284 16.2.3 Interface for external commands: cmd.cgi . . . . . . . . . 288 16.2.4 The most important things at a glance: tac.cgi . . . . . . 290 16.2.5 Network plan: the topological map of the network (statusmap. cgi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 16.2.6 Navigation in 3D: statuswrl.cgi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 16.2.7 Querying the status with a cell phone: statuswml.cgi . . . 295 16.2.8 Analyzing disrupted partial networks: outages.cgi . . . . . 295 16.2.9 Querying the object definition with config.cgi . . . . . . . 295 16.2.10 Availability statistics: avail.cgi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 16.2.11 What events occur, how often? histogram.cgi . . . . . . . 298 16.2.12 Filtering log entries after specific states: history.cgi . . . . 299 16.2.13 Who was told what, when? notifications.cgi . . . . . . . 300 16.2.14 Showing all logfile entries: showlog.cgi . . . . . . . . . . 301 16.2.15 Evaluating whatever you want: summary.cgi . . . . . . . 301 16.2.16 Following states graphically over time: trends.cgi . . . . . 303 16.3 Planning Downtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 16.3.1 Maintenance periods for hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 16.3.2 Downtime for services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 16.4 Additional Information on Hosts and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 16.4.1 Extended host information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 16.4.2 Extended service information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 16.5 Configuration Changes through the Web Interfaces: the Restart Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 17 Graphic Display of Performance Data 313 17.1 Processing Plugin Performance Data with Nagios . . . . . . . . . . 314 17.1.1 The template mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 17.1.2 Using external commands to process performance data . . 317 17.2 Graphs for the Web with Nagiosgraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 17.2.1 Basic installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 17.2.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 17.3 Preparing Performance Data for Evaluation with Perf2rrd . . . . . 325 17.3.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 17.3.2 Nagios configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 17.3.3 Perf2rrd in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 17.4 The Graphics Specialist drraw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 17.4.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 17.4.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 17.4.3 Practical application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 17.5 Automated to a Large Extent: NagiosGrapher . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 17.5.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 17.5.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 17.6 Other tools and the limits of graphic evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Special Applications 351 18 Monitoring Windows Servers 353 18.1 NSClient and NC Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 18.1.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 18.1.2 The check_nt plugin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 18.1.3 Commands which can be run with NSClient and NC Net . 356 18.1.4 Advanced functions of NC Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 18.2 NRPE for Windows: NRPE NT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 18.2.1 Installation and configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 18.2.2 Function test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 18.2.3 The Cygwin plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 18.2.4 Perl plugins in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 19 Monitoring Room Temperature and Humidity 377 19.1 Sensors and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 19.1.1 The PCMeasure software for Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 19.1.2 The query protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 19.2 The Nagios Plugin check_pcmeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 20 Monitoring SAP Systems 383 20.1 Checking without a Login: sapinfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 20.1.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 20.1.2 First test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 20.1.3 The plugin check_sap.sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 20.2 Monitoring with SAP’s Own Monitoring System (CCMS) . . . . . . 388 20.2.1 CCMS—a short overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 20.2.2 Obtaining the necessary SAP usage permissions for Nagios 390 20.2.3 Monitors and templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 20.2.4 The CCMS plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 20.2.5 Performance optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Appendixes 399 A Rapidly Alternating States: Flapping 401 A.1 Flap Detection with Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 A.1.1 Nagios configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 A.1.2 The history memory and the chronological progression of the changes in state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 A.1.3 Representation in the Web interface . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 A.2 Flap Detection for Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 B Event Handlers 409 B.1 Execution Times for the Event Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 B.2 Defining the Event Handler in the Service Definition . . . . . . . . 411 B.3 The Handler Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 B.4 Things to Note When Using Event Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 C Writing Your Own Plugins: Monitoring Oracle with the Instant Client 415 C.1 Installing the Oracle Instant Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 C.2 Establishing a Connection to the Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . 417 C.3 A Wrapper Plugin for sqlplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 C.3.1 How the wrapper works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 C.3.2 The Perl plugin in detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 D An Overview of the Nagios Configuration Parameters 423 D.1 The Main Configuration File nagios.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 D.2 CGI Configuration in cgi.cfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 D.2.1 Authentication parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 D.2.2 Other Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Index 447
[only-soft.org].t65821.torrent
Торрент:
Зарегистрирован
[ 2017-06-03 13:40 ]
9 KB
Статус:
√ проверено
Скачан:
0 раз
Размер:
7 MB
Оценка:
(Голосов: 0 )
Поблагодарили:
0
Barth W. - Nagios. System and Network Monitoring [2005, PDF, ENG] скачать торрент бесплатно и без регистрации